Local Business Directory, Search Engine Submission SEO Tools September 2020 ~ Health Today

Tuesday 29 September 2020

Cataract definition diagnosis

                    Cataract definition diagnosis & types

Cataract definition
Photo by Mati Mango from Pexels


 Cataract definition

A cataract is a vision-affected clouding of the lens of the eye. The majority of cataracts are related to ageing. Globally, it is the major cause of blindness, but in many ways, access to care and the quality of results is still limited. In general, cataracts affect both eyes, but not equally.

Types of cataract

Types of cataract may include 1, Nuclear 2, Cortical 3, A posterior subcapsular cataracts

1, Nuclear cataract, deep in the middle of the lens, a nuclear cataract form which eventually allows the centre to turn yellow or brown. This further clouds the vision and the most common type.

2, A cortical cataract is identified by a wedge-shaped, whitish stripe that appears across the edge of the cortex of the eye.

3, A posterior subcapsular cataract at the back of the lens, right in the light portion, a posterior subcapsular cataract develops. This form can develop quickly and have a more rapid effect on vision than any of the other two types.


How a cataract can affect your vision?

So first you need to know about the structure of the eye. The lens is translucent and is behind the pupil and the iris.

It acts a lot likes a camera lens, concentrating light, or an image, on the retina. The light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye is the retina.

When the lighting or image reaches the retina, this is transformed into nerve signals that are sent to the brain.

Apart from focusing light on the retina, the lens also adjusts the focus of the vision, helping us easily see objects both closer and far away. For the retina, to obtain a sharp image, the lens must be clear.

The lens is composed of mainly protein and water. The protein is arranged exactly in a process that enables light without distortion to move into it. But as we age, proteins clump together in the lens to cause a cataract.

The protein can clump together at first, clouding a small area of the lens. The clouds-grow in size and number throughout the period, clouding more of the lens. If the lens is cloudy due to cataracts, the picture you see will be blurred and the colours can fade.


Cataract causes

Many people above the age of 60 have a certain degree of lens opacity. The risks of cataract forming are raised by the smoking of the cigarette and alcohol.

Generally, cataracts are bilateral. Distressing; or secondary to autoimmune disease (diabetes, myotonic dystrophy, atopic dermatitis), autoimmune or inhaled corticosteroid therapy, or uveitis; but age-related cataract is by far the most prominent type.

They may be congenital (due to intrauterine infections such as rubella and CMV, or inborn metabolism errors such as galactosemia). Trauma or injuries that penetrate the eye are also causes of the cataract.

No dietary modification to prevent or prolong the formation of age-related cataracts has been reported.


Cataract symptoms

A persistent blurring of sight is the primary symptom. Glare can also occur, particularly in bright light or while driving at night; change of focus, notably development of nearsightedness; and monocular double vision.

A cataract can be seen by a dilated pupil through an ophthalmoscope or slit lamp, also in the early stages. The retina can become gradually more difficult to imagine as the cataract develops until the reflection of the fundus is eventually missing and the pupil is white.

Cataract diagnosis

During a regular eye exam, cataracts are relatively easy to detect. It is important that the doctor examine the whole eye for proof of any other illness that may affect your vision during cataract diagnosis.

Cataract definition


Cataract treatment

In adults, the primary condition for surgery is functional vision impairment. The cataract is normally eliminated by one of the procedures in which the capsule of the posterior lens (extracapsular) persists, thus providing protection for an intraocular prosthetic lens that does not need powerful cataract glasses or contact lenses.

  Subsequently, laser therapy can be needed when the posterior capsule opacifies. Lens nucleus ultrasonic fragmentation (phacoemulsification) and foldable intraocular lenses allow cataract surgery to be done without the need for sutures via a small incision, therefore reducing the incidence of postoperative complication and accelerating visual recovery.

The need for both distance and close vision correction is reduced by multifocal and accommodative intraocular lenses. Manual minor incision surgery, in which the lens nucleus is cut intact, is increasingly common in the developing world.

Additional technical complications during surgery, improvements in the optics of the eye with development affecting the option of intraocular lens strength, and treatment of recurrent amblyopia complicated the management of congenital cataract.

Infection rates following cataract surgery have declined significantly in recent years. Due to the mandatory injection of antibiotics into the eye at the completion of the surgery.


When their vision impairment adversely affects their daily lives, patients with cataracts should be referred to an ophthalmologist.


Tags: Cataract definition, cataract diagnosis,

 

















 





















Sunday 27 September 2020

What is vitamin b12 used for hair growth benefits for skin

What is vitamin b12 used for? Hair growth, benefits for skin 

Vitamin b12

What is vitamin b12?

Vitamin B12 is a very important water-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in most of the body processes, it's also known as cobalamin.  Vitamin B12, B6, B1 and B9 (Folate) have contributed to red blood cell formation and helps create DNA.  

As methylcobalamin, it is a cofactor for methionine synthetase in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, and as adenosylcobalamin tor the conversion of methylmalonylcoenzyme A (CoA) to succinyl-CoA. 

During DNA synthesis, such enzymatic steps are essential for annealing Okazaki fragments, particularly in erythroid progenitor cells. Vitamin B12 accumulates in the liver.


Vitamin B12 Differential Diagnosis


Deficiency of vitamin B12 should be distinguished from deficiency of folic acid, the other prevalent cause of megaloblastic anaemia, where folic acid in the red blood cells is low while normal levels of vitamin B12 are sufficient. 

The symptoms in bone marrow or lack of vitamin B12 are often mistaken for myelodysplastic syndrome or even acute erythrocytic leukemia. 

The differentiation between deficiency of vitamin B12 and myelodysplasia is based on the distinctive morphology and lower levels of vitamin B12 and increased levels of methylmalonic acid.


Vitamin B 12 rich foods

Vitamin B,12 comes from the diet and is found in all animal-based foods. Since vitamin B12 is found in foods of animal origin, the deficiency of dietary vitamin B12 is rare but is seen in vegetarians, strict vegetarians who skip all dairy products, as well as meat and fish. The following are foods containing vitamin B12,


  • Meat 
  • Fish  
  • Poultry 
  • Eggs 
  • Milk and milk products  
  • Fortified cereals & grains 
  • Fortified with vitamin B12, coconut, soy and almond milk 


Vitamin B12 absorption 

The everyday absorption of vitamin B12 is 5 mcg. The liver consists of 2-5 mg of saved vitamin B12. Since every day utilization is 3-5 mcg, the physique generally has enough stores of vitamin B12, so it takes more than 3 years for vitamin B12 deficiency to appear if all consumption or absorption immediately ceases.  

8Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies kill parietal gastric cells and cause atrophic gastritis, or bind to and neutralize the intrinsic factor, or both.


The site of intrinsic factor development will be removed by gastrectomy; blind loop syndrome will induce vitamin B12 rivalry by bacterial overgrowth in the lumen of the intestine and surgical resection.

The ileum will remove the site of absorption of vitamin B12. Rare reasons for vitamin B12 deficiency cause infection of fish intestinal worms.


Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms 

You could never neglect the signs of vitamin B12 deficiency. Lack of vitamin B12 causes mild to extreme slow-onset anaemia; patients can experience few signs due to the extent in anaemia. 

Anaemia can be extreme in advanced cases, with hematocrits as low as 10-15% and can be followed by leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Some signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency are severe and some are mild like,

  • Pale  or jaundiced skin 
  • Blurred vision 
  • High-grade fever 
  • Sleeping difficulties 
  • Fatigue  and weakness 
  • Glossitis  
  • Increased heartbeat  
  • Mood swings 
  • Tingling sensation 
  • Breathlessness  
  • Diarrhoea 
  • Memory impairment  
  • Nerve pain 

Typically, peripheral nerves are first affected, and patients first complain of paresthesia. Patients complain of trouble with balance or proprioception, or both when the posterior columns of the spinal cord become affected. 

Cerebral control can also be affected in more advanced stages, and dementia and other neuropsychiatric complications can also be present.


Vitamin B12 lab findings

Vitamin B12 deficiency is diagnosed by finding a reduced level of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the serum. While average vitamin B12 levels are > 210 pg / mL (> 155 pmol / L), most patients with clear vitamin B12 deficiency have serum levels < 170 pg / mL (< 126 pmol / L), while symptomatic patients usually have serum levels < 100 pg / mL (< 74 pmol).

 The diagnosis of vitamin B12  deficiency in low or low normal values (170-210 pg / mL [126-155 pmol / L]) is better verified by finding elevated serum levels. Elevated serum methylmalonic acid levels, however, may be due to kidney disease.

Usually, vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia is mild to the extreme, with the MCV very high (110-140 fL). However, vitamin B12 deficiency with a typical MCV is likely. 

The standard MCV can rarely be clarified by co-existing thalassemia or iron deficiency, but the cause is unclear in other instances. 

Despite usual MCV or the lack of anaemia, patients with neurological problems and signs indicating a vitamin B12 deficiency should be assessed for that deficiency.

The reticulocyte count is reduced. Since all hematopoietic cell lines can be impaired by vitamin B12 deficiency, the white blood cell count and platelet count are decreased in extreme cases.

Some laboratory anomalies include elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and a slight increase in specific bilirubin. These two findings are a reflection of intramedullary destruction of developing abnormal erythroid cells and are similar to those observed in peripheral hemolytic anaemias. 

Bone marrow morphology is characteristically abnormal. As a response to deficient red blood cell development (ineffective erythropoiesis), marked erythroid hyperplasia is present.

In the erythroid cycle, megaloblastic modifications involve abnormally larger cell size and asynchronous nucleus and cytoplasm maturation, i.e., cytoplasmic maturation occurs though disabled.  

DNA synthesis causes retarded nuclear development. In the myeloid series, giant bands and meta-myelocytes are characteristically seen. 


Benefits of vitamin B12 hair growth 


Perhaps the main contribution B12 provides to the body is its role in the metabolism of cells. This activity of cobalamin, also inside the hair follicle, exists throughout the body and is essential for the proper functioning of cells. 

Vitamin B12 is not taken seriously by some individuals. As a result, hair like the entire body is badly affected. If diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency in time, it can save you from a lot of complications, including hair loss.

Eat a diet high in B12, which will keep your hair strong, thick and shiny. If vitamin B12 deficiency can't be eliminated through diet, you can also take supplements after consulting a doctor.


Vitamin B12 benefits for skin 

If you are B12 deficient, means your metabolism and cells reproduction is not working properly, which has a direct effect on your skin. 

Vitamin B12 makes the skin pink and beautiful, In addition, the skin looks younger and it reduces the risk of wrinkles. If the skin is turning yellow or if it is dull, In this case, the dermatologist first tests for vitamin B12 deficiency. After a thorough diagnosis, the dermatologist prescribes pills or injections. 


Vitamin B12 deficiency treatment 

The parenteral treatment has traditionally been offered to patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. For each dosage, intramuscular or subcutaneous vitamin B12 injections of 100 mcg are sufficient.

 Substitution is typically given on a regular basis for the first week, on a weekly basis for the first month, and on a monthly basis for life. If patients discontinue their treatment, vitamin deficiencies will recur. 

Instead of parenteral treatment, oral or sublingual methylcobalamin (1 mg / d) can be used after initial deficiency correction has occurred. 

Oral or sublingual replacement is successful even in pernicious anaemia since, in the absence of active transport, approximately 1% of the dose is absorbed into the intestine by passive diffusion.

It needs to be continued indefinitely, and serum levels of vitamin B12 have to be tracked to ensure sufficient replacement. Long-term parenteral vitamin B12 treatment is prudent for patients with neurological problems caused by B12 deficiency. 

Because several patients are folic acid deficient at the same time due to intestinal mucosal disturbance, simultaneous supplementation of folic acid (1 mg daily) is suggested during the first three months after vitamin B12 supplementation. With an instant change in their sense of well-being, patients respond to therapy. 

Hypokalemia, especially if the anaemia is severe, can worsen the first few days of therapy. In 5-7 days, rapid reticulocytosis happens, and in 2 months, the hematologic image normalizes.

Symptoms and signs of the central nervous system are manageable if they are comparatively limited in length (< < 6 months), but more likely to be lasting if they are longer in the period.

Despite the seriousness of anaemia, red blood cell transfusions are rarely required, although diuretics are often prescribed to prevent heart failure when administered since this anaemia has progressed steadily and the amount of plasma is elevated.

Never take vitamin B12 deficiency medication on your own without a doctor's advice.


Tags: What is vitamin b12 used for, vitamin b12 hair growth, vitamin b12 benefits for skin, 












Thursday 24 September 2020

Top 5 healthiest fruits for weight loss low calorie

 Top 5 healthiest fruits for weight loss, low calorie 


To us, fruits are nothing less than a gift from GOD, while their flavours are delicious. Fruits are an important part of a healthy diet, eating fresh fruit provides health benefits. Fresh fruits are great options for breakfast, dessert or snack.

Naturally, the fruit is low in fat and calories, and a high supply of nutrients. The vitamins in the fruit are necessary for your body's health and maintenance. We will mention the top 5 healthiest fruits that decrease the risk of overweight and obesity.


Watermelon


Top 5 healthiest fruits


Watermelon is a delicious and refreshing summer fruit that is low in calories. Watermelon might also not have as plenty fibre as other fruits, however, its energy and content, fat content, is low and contains, which makes it one of the fantastic snack to have for the duration of weight loss. 

It's excessive in water content material (92%),  and a 100g serving just consists of 30 calories. It presents hydration and also imperative nutrients, such as antioxidants, nutritional vitamins A, B, C and minerals. 

Watermelon is additionally full of lycopene. When someone decreasing calories to lose weight, it's vital to make positive the energy you do consume is rich in nutrients. Intake of lycopene is inadequate in many people's diets, so consuming extra watermelon to help with weight loss will also assist you to get sufficient portions of this antioxidant.  

Watermelon is also a wealthy source of amino acids referred to as arginine, which helps burn fat. It is actually rather low in sugar, in contrast to different fruits. Eating watermelon removes waste materials, this cleanses the body and begins to lose weight.



Apple


Top 5 healthiest fruits
 

Apple is one of the best fruit, where it is said that eating an apple can save you from many diseases and it is also helpful in losing weight. Apple is among those top 5 healthiest fruits which promote the health of your heart and reduces the risk of deadly disease cancer.

An apple is high in fibre 5.5gram, vitamins, minerals, which are conducive to a complete supplement of human nutrition. 

It is low in calories 115, full of antioxidants and has a high water content with which to control body weight. 

The apple doesn't contain any kind of sodium or fat, and it prevents body fat from developing, so it is viewed as a definitely wonderful weight-loss food. Eating an apple in the morning is very good for health, it makes you feel satiated for longer.


Banana


Top 5 healthiest fruits


Banana is a fruit that is easily found almost everywhere and all seasons. banana nutritious weight loss fruit. It is healthy food, providing instant energy to the body. Many people are often confused about the banana diet, they don't eat it for fear that it will make them gain weight. 

In fact, it makes some people gain weight and some lose it. Weight gain and loss from bananas depend on the method of eating bananas. It has been observed that if a banana is eaten after eating or in the evening; it causes weight gain.

The morning is the ideal time to eat a banana. If you want to lose weight, eat one banana daily on an empty stomach 20 minutes before breakfast. One medium banana gives 103 calories.

Bananas are a significant source of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, calcium, potassium,  magnesium, manganese, protein and iron. It also contains fibre (3gm per banana)  and resistant starch that supports weight loss, Resistant starch additionally stimulates the breakdown of saved fat.  

Banana keeps you full and sated for a long time. It improves metabolism, aids fat circulation and also prevents water retention.


Orange


Top 5 healthiest fruits


Orange is a very juicy healthiest fruit that is good for health in every way. It is a fruit of citrus family and a hybrid. It falls in the identical class as limes, lemons and grapes, etc. Oranges are an excellent source of antioxidants, vitamin C, and incredibly rich in dietary fibre (3gm), which helps to digest meals better and oxidize the fats quicker in the body.

If you eat one orange in breakfast in the morning, your body stays active all day and your stomach feels full and will help you lose weight.

Orange high in water content material and low in calories (47 calories per 100g), which is super for any person searching for a snack while making an attempt to comply with a strict diet. This fruit additionally carries some fat- burner properties. 


Pomegranate



Top 5 healthiest fruits




Pomegranate is definitely one of the most flexible natural weight loss products out there. Among other fat eliminators, it is a standout with plenty of health benefits. 

It is a treasure of various vitamins and minerals. Pomegranates are low in calories but rich in folate, nutrition, nutrition, potassium, phosphorus, vitamins C, K, antioxidants, and polyphenols. One medium-size pomegranate has 106 calories and 1g fibre.

Pomegranate can induce hormone formation that speeds up your metabolism, helps you lose calories and promotes fat loss. 

As it contains vitamins, it can be the best component of any weight-loss diet. The high fibre content of the red grains is the most valuable feature of Pomegranate, and it can be useful for the body when losing weight.

One thing to keep in mind is that whatever fruit you eat to lose weight, try to eat in the morning, the best-desired results will be obtained. 




Tags:  Top 5 healthiest fruits,  healthiest fruits for weight loss,  healthiest fruits for low calorie,

Monday 21 September 2020

what are the symptoms lactose intolerance

Lactose deficiency & what are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?

Lactose deficiency

Lactose deficiency  

Lactose intolerance or lactase deficiency is a very common problem. The sugar found in milk is called lactose. Lactase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the lactose disaccharide into glucose and galactose on the brush boundary. 

Lactose intolerance occurs when your bowel does not produce enough enzyme (lactose) to digest sugar from milk (lactose), a deficiency of an enzyme called lactose. 

 
Lactose intolerance by country

The concentration of lactase enzyme levels is elevated at birth but decreases progressively through childhood and adolescence and into adulthood in most people with non-European ancestry. While in the United States, about 50 million people have partial or full lactose intolerance.

As many as 90% of Asian Americans, 70% of African Americans, 95 of Native Americans, 50% of Mexican Americans, and 609% of Jewish Americans are lactose intolerant compared with 25% of white adults. 

Lactose deficiency symptoms  

The most common symptoms of stomach pain and bloating arise when bacteria in the colon ferment lactose that could not be digested. By can the amount of water in the colon, 

 Many individuals can get diarrhoea, bloating, stomach pain, flatulence, headache, or vomiting after drinking milk or consuming cured or consuming other dairy products, With higher lactose ingestions, osmotic diarrhoea will result. 

Isolated lactase reduction does not result in any additional symptoms of weight loss or malabsorption. 

Lactose fermentation in the colon can lead to an increase in gas. Patients have great variability in clinical symptom,  depending on both the severity of lactase deficiency the amount of lactose ingested. 

There is a tendency for all lactose-intolerant and lactose-tolerant people to incorrectly assign a number of abdominal symptoms to lactose intolerance because of the unspecific nature of these symptoms.

Most patients with lactose intolerance. May drink one to two 8-oz glasses of milk daily without symptoms if consumed at broad intervals between meals, even though rare patients are almost completely intolerant.

If these findings are present, other gastrointestinal disorders should be present. Specimens of diarrhoea show an enhanced osmotic difference and a pH of < 6.0. Constipation can also be an indication that lactose isn't fully digested.


Lactose intolerance causes

The reason for intolerance to the lactose is that our body has enzymes called lactase, If the enzymes are low, our body will not be able to handle lactose in the milk, so we get loose motion, diarrhoea, painful stomach and vomiting. 

As lactose secretion decreases with increasing age, the capacity to digest lactose also decreases. An estimated 70 per cent of adults can not digest lactose properly.


Lactose intolerance effects

Lactase disorder can also occur relative to other gastrointestinal disorders involving the small intestinal mucosa in the proximal area.

That includes Crohn's disease, giardiasis, short bowel syndrome, sprue, bacterial gastroenteritis, and malnutrition. 

Malabsorbed absorbed lactose is fermented by intestinal bacteria, producing gas and organic acids. Unmetabolized lactose and organic acids result in an increased osmotic load of the stool and an obligatory loss of fluid. 


Lactose deficiency labs  

Lactose intolerance breath test, The most widely available test for the diagnosis of lactase deficiency is the hydrogen breath test. After ingestion of50 g of lactose, a rise in breath hydrogen of > 20 P within 90 minutes is a positive test, indicative of bacterial carbohydrate metabolism. 

Most physicians recommend an observational trial on a lactose-free diet for 2 weeks in clinical practice. Resolution of symptoms (bloating, flatulence diarrhoea) is suggestive of lactase deficiency and may be confirmed, if necessary, with a breath hydrogen study.


Lactose intolerance treatment

In patients with isolated lactase deficiency, the aim of therapy is to achieve patient satisfaction.  In patients with isolated lactase deficiency, the aim of therapy is to achieve patient satisfaction.

Patients typically find their medication "threshold" for signs arising at. Milk (12 g / cup), ice-cream (9 g / cup), and cottage cheese (8 g / cup) are rich in lactose. Older cheeses have lesser lactose (0.5 g / oz).

Unpasteurized yoghurt contains bacteria that produce lactase and is generally well tolerated. By extending dairy product intake in amounts of < 12 g lactose (one cup of milk) during the day, most patients may take dairy products without symptoms and do not require lactase supplements. 

Most food markets provide milk that has been pre-treated with lactase, rendering it 70-100% lactose-free. For non-prescription formulations, lactase enzyme substitute is commercially viable.

Milk products can take caplets or drops of lactase, enhancing lactose absorption and reducing symptoms. Depending on the degree of lactose intolerance, the number of caplets ingested.

There may be an increased risk of osteoporosis in patients who choose to restrict or eliminate milk products. Calcium Supplementation (calcium carbonate 500 mg orally two to three times daily) is recommended for susceptible patients.


Lactose intolerance people can easily use coconut milk, almond milk, and soy milk because these milk are lactose-free, cholesterol-free and sugar-free, these also contain plenty of calcium.



























Thursday 17 September 2020

ankylosing spondylitis treatment diet

Ankylosing spondylitis treatment diet & permanent cure for ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis


Ankylosing spondylitis definition


Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory condition (also known as axil spondyloarthritis) that often affects the joints in your spine, rib cage and pelvis, and bones of affected joints may develop fused. This disorder allows for less flexibility in the spine.  


In males, the occurrence is greater than in females, and symptoms are more pronounced in males, with ascending spine involvement more likely to occur. Ankylosing spondylitis often runs in families.


Ankylosing spondylitis age of onset,  the age at onset is usually in the late teens or early 20s.


Ankylosing spondylitis differential diagnosis


Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, primarily affects the numerous, small, peripheral joints of hands and feet. The sacroiliac joints are spared by rheumatoid arthritis and affect only the cervical part of the spine.


Bilateral sacroiliitis indistinguishable from ankylosing spondylitis is seen with the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) related spondylitis.


Sacroiliitis associated with reactive arthritis and psoriasis, on the other hand, are often asymmetric or even unilateral. 


Osteitis condensins ilii (sclerosis of the sacroiliac joint on the iliac side) is an asymptomatic, postpartum radiographic result that is often mistaken for sacroiliitis.


Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) causes exuberant osteophytes ("enthesophytes") of the spine that occasionally is difficult to distinguish from the syndesmophytes of ankylosing spondylitis.

 

DISH enthesophytes are thicker and more anterior than ankylosing spondylitis syndesmophytes, and in DISH, the sacroiliac joints are regular.


Ankylosing spondylitis symptoms


The pain of ankylosing spondylitis usually occurs in the morning, during the night or after periods of inactivity


If a person faces stiffness in the lower part of the wait for more than an hour after getting up in the morning, then this could be the initial stage of ankylosing spondylitis.


  • Low back pain, the most common symptom of ankylosing spondylitis is spinal pain. Initially, the pain is in the lower back,  which also affects the hip bone and joint, then gradually goes up through the spine, then it comes in the middle and then it also involves neck nerves.
  • Stiffness in the back, it is difficult to bend, especially after waking up in the morning.
  • Sleep disturbances  (Ankylosing spondylitis causes frequent sleep disturbances and difficulty in changing the crotch.) 
  • Low-grade fever  
  • loss of appetite  
  • Chronic diarrhoea (IBD can be associated with ankylosing spondylitis)


 In comparison to back pain due to mechanical causes and degenerative disease, which improves with rest and worsens with exercise, the pain and stiffness increase with exercise.


As the disease progresses, symptoms develop in the direction of the cephalad, and back motion becomes reduced, with the usual lumbar curve flattened and the curvature of the thoracic exacerbated. Because of the costovertebral joint involvement, chest expansion is often reduced.


The entire spine becomes fused in advanced cases, allowing no motion in either direction. Transient acute arthritis of the peripheral joints occurs in around 50% of cases, and permanent improvements in the peripheral joints are most often seen in the hips, shoulders and knees, about 25%.


Enthesopathy, a symptom of spondyloarthropathy may manifest as swelling of the Achilles tendon when inserted, plantar fasciitis (Triggering heel pain), or "sausage inflammation of the finger or toe" (less common in ankylosing spondylitis than in psoriatic arthritis).

 

Anterior uveitis is connected in as many as 25 percent of cases, and maybe a function of appearance. 


Spondylitic heart disease, which is primarily characterized by atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and aortic regurgitation, occurs in 3-5 percent of long-standing serious disease patients. Constitutional signs are missing in most patients, close to those with rheumatoid arthritis.


Ankylosing spondylitis causes


The cause of ankylosing spondylitis is unknown, but some precautions can be taken to prevent this painful disease, but to avoid ankylosing spondylitis flare-up you should follow some healthy habits, like,

  •  Weight control  
  • Morning and evening walk  
  • Don't lift too much weight  
  • Avoid smoking and alcohol  
  • Should take a bath with lukewarm water 


There are many risk factors of ankylosing spondylitis, of which sex, age, more inactiveness, more exertion and genetic are considered very important.

Ankylosing spondylitis labs 


The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)  is elevated in 85% of cases, but serologic tests for rheumatoid factor and cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies are negative. 

Anaemia may be present but is often mild. Such patients who have waist pain and ESRC, CCP raised the should do HLA-B27 test.


Ankylosing spondylitis radiology

Typically, the earliest radiographic changes occur in the sacroiliac joints.. In the first 2 years of the disease process, the sacroiliac changes may be detectable only by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 


Later, on simple radiographs, erosion and sclerosis of these joints are apparent; the sacroiliitis of ankylosing spondylitis is bilateral and symmetric.

Inflammation induces sclerosis ("the shiny corner sign") and then the characteristic squaring of the vertebral bodies when the annulus fibrosus initially binds to the vertebral bodies.



The word "bamboo spine" describes the spinal column's late radiographic appearance in which the vertebral bodies are fused by vertically oriented, bridging syndesmophytes produced by the ossification of the fibrous annulus and the degeneration of the spinal anterior and lateral tendons.


The fusion of the posterior facet joints of the spine is also common. Additional radiography include new periosteal bone development on the iliac crest, ischial tuberosities, and calcanei, and pubic symphysis and sternomanubrial joint modifications similar to sacroiliac ones.


Radiological changes in peripheral joints, when present, are asymmetric and lack the demineralization and erosions seen in rheumatoid arthritis.


Ankylosing spondylitis diet


Sun exposure is very important in ankylosing spondylitis between 8 am to 8: 30 am, because of this, it can greatly reduce the pain. Similarly, making some dietary changes can reduce the severity of ankylosing spondylitis. 


The following are the best diets for patients with ankylosing spondylitis,

  • Green leafy vegetable  
  • Fresh fruit
  • Dry fruit
  • Olive extra virgin 
  • Seafood 


Ankylosing spondylitis treatments


Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain the first-line treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and may slow radiographic progression of spinal disease.
 

Because individual patients differ in their response to particular NSAIDs, empiric trials of several NSAIDs are warranted if the response to any given NSAID is not satisfactory. 


TNF inhibitors have developed efficacy for an axial disease resistant to NSAID; responses are often significant and long-lasting.


Etanercept (50 mg subcutaneously once a week), adalimumab (40 mg subcutaneously every other week), infliximab (5 mg/kg intravenously every other month), or golimumab (50 mg subcutaneously once a month) Patients whose symptoms are refractory to NSAIDs are rational.


Sulfasalazine is often helpful for peripheral arthritis (1000 mg orally twice daily) but lacks efficacy for spinal and sacroiliac joint disease.


Corticosteroids have minimal impact on arthritis -particularly the spondylitis-of ankylosing spondylitis and can worsen osteopenia. For guidance in postural exercises, all patients should be referred to a physical therapist.























Tuesday 15 September 2020

can tetanus be cured

 Can tetanus be cured & how common is tetanus?

Tetanus treatment

Tetanus bacteria 

Neurotoxin tetanospasmin, formed by clostridium tetani bacteria, causes tetanus. The vegetative bacteria give rise to tetanospasmin, a release of zinc metalloprotease. At spinal synapses of inhibitory neurons, tetanospasmin interferes with neurotransmitters. 

Lesser stimuli result in uncontrolled spasms and excessive reflexes. The incubation period is from 7 days to 14 weeks, the duration of which is 10-15 days. 

Tetanus symptoms 

Signs and symptoms of tetanus typically occur around 5-10 days after the initial infection. The first symptom at the site of inoculation could be pain and tingling; following are the major symptoms of tetanus,

  • Neck stiffness, spasm of the muscles of the neck, abdomen and back   
  • Trismus,  stiffness of the jaw (Lockjaw)
  • Irritability 
  • Rapid heartbeat    
  • low-grade fever   
  • Headache 
  • Difficulties in swallowing 
  • Excessive sweating  
  • Irregular urination  
  • Airway obstruction  

Tetanus causes 

The tetanus-causing bacteria clostridium tetani live in dust, dirt, rusty nail, needle, and soil. Clostridium tetani spores can live outside the body for quite a long time. Via a minor wound, burns or injury, tetanus bacteria may also enter the body. An animal bite can also cause tetanus. 

  • Puncture wounds
  • Crush injuries
  • Insect bits Surgical procedures
  • Superficial wounds Intravenous drug use
  • Saliva or faeces burns

How common is tetanus?

Tetanus is no longer so common, work is still being done to reduce the risk of tetanus. Fortunately, since the invention of the vaccine, its risks have dwindled in developed countries. Children are vaccinated against it from an early age, but the number of patients in developing countries is still high.

Tetanus prevention 

Tetanus is a dangerous, and life-threatening disease. An active vaccination can avoid it. As part of the shot of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis (DTaP), I regularly give the tetanus vaccine to children. 

The DTaP vaccine consists of 5 injections, the vaccine is administered to children aged 2, 4, 6 months and then 15 to 18 months and when the age is 4 to 6 years. Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccine is given as two doses 4-6 weeks apart, a third dose 6-12 months later, for primary immunization of adults.

 A Booster is normally given between the ages of 11-18 years, and then booster doses are administered every ten years or the duration of serious injury if they occur more than five years after a dose. 

It is very common practice for individuals to take tetanus vaccine after any accident. If someone has been vaccinated so they don't need to be a vaccinated for tetanus after every wound or injury.

Can tetanus be cured?

Remember that tetanus is an incurable disease, in which the doctor tries his best to stop the complications from growing. The easiest way to treat and prevent tetanus is to get vaccinated against tetanus.

Tetanus vaccine during pregnancy 

During pregnancy, the tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine is administered to reduce the risk of tetanus to both mother and unborn baby. It's the easiest way to take disease prevention. T-Dap is ideally recommended between the 27 and 36 weeks of gestation during pregnancy.

 If during this time this could not be done then TD should be given immediately after the baby is born. One dose of Tdap is prescribed for each pregnancy, regardless of the last dose of T-dap or Td vaccine the patient has taken. It protects the baby from pertussis (whooping cough).

Tetanus diagnoses; Tests are not usually needed to diagnose tetanus. Tetanus diagnosis is made in a clinical way.

Tetanus treatment 

A tetanus-pronounced wound should be treated immediately by a medical professional. To avoid infection, any cut or wound must be thoroughly washed. 

An important question, how long do you have to get a tetanus shot after a puncture wound? 

Human immune globulin tetanus, 500 units, it contains antibodies that kill clostridium tetani, if he hasn't had a tetanus shot in the last 5 years, should be intramuscularly administered within the first 24 hours of its presentation. 

It is controversial whether intrathecal administration would have any additional benefit. An unblinded, randomized study comparing intramuscular tetanus immune globulin with intramuscular plus intrathecal tetanus immune globulin found faster spasm resolution, fewer days of ventilatory help. 

However, the exact preparation of the immunoglobulin used was not specified, and the total dose was 4000 units. Tetanus dose does not produce natural immunity, and full a course of immunization with tetanus toxoid should be administered once the patient has recovered.

Patients may be prescribed to treat muscle spasms and stiffness, anticonvulsants such as gabapentin, frisium, diazepam may relax the muscles to prevent tetanus spasms. Pain killers are also given along with it. The patient is given 20 million units of penicillin and metronidazole intravenously daily, in divided doses.

A full recovery can take months. A deadly disease like tetanus can be prevented, if a doctor is consulted in time. Don't hesitate to consult a doctor if you have a minor injury or a major one.













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